Chapter 1951 Amnesty incident, oil replacement


    Maybe it''s because too many things happened this year, too many swords and guns, the ups and downs of various places, countless people and things rushed together, and then in winter, I can finally let go and relax .


    Time seems to be frozen by the temperature. After the autumn harvest, Guanzhong also entered a rare period of peace under the riots. Afterwards, it even made the mouths of ordinary people a little greasy.


    Real oil.


    The middle-aged man Feiqian, who gradually became greasy, distributed a bowl of oil to every household inside and outside Chang''an City, who had been affected by the previous student riots.


    Perhaps for many people in later generations, a bowl of oil is really inconspicuous, and even refused to eat an extra piece of beef and sheep fat, let alone beef and mutton oil, but in the Han Dynasty, even Pang Tong All positions are eager for the intake of fat from the heart, and ordinary people are even more scarce.


    Fei Qian sometimes thinks, is it because Pang Tong suffered from a mental illness when he was a child, such as not grabbing the last piece of fat, which led to his special liking for oil now...


    In the past, most of these tallow and sheep fats were used for military purposes. For example, the blades of weapons and guns need to be coated with a layer of oil to prevent rust. Leather armor and iron armor also need oil, and even some other equipment are also the same. Grease is needed for maintenance, but this year, Fei potential technology has improved slightly, and new substitutes have been developed. Naturally, these tallow and mutton oils can be saved and become the welfare of the people.


    For the children of the gentry, in this winter, they don''t care much about the oil that Fei Qian gave to the people, but they pay attention to the "amnesty" edict from Xu County...


    Wei Duan of the Senate was sullen every day, as if everyone owed him millions and tens of millions, but there were still people secretly discussing in meetings, guessing how Hussar General Fei Qian would deal with this matter matter.


    And today, a newcomer came to the Senate, a newcomer who made Wei Duan feel very uncomfortable after seeing it...


    Pei Yuan was very proud.


    Just like some people often mistakenly think that a pit is an opportunity when they see a pit, Pei Yuan also thinks that his "opportunity" has arrived.


    Fei Qian appointed Pei Yuan as a fake counselor, responsible for discussing "amnesty", and then using this to determine whether to grant "amnesty" to those students who caused trouble.


    Pei Yuan thought this matter was very simple, and even thought it was just a step of Fei Qian''s reluctance to obey the emperor''s orders. After all, the amnesty was issued from the emperor Liu Xie. Even though Feiqian has Xijing Shangshutai on his side, the emperor''s order is naturally to be listened to. Can''t live, so I asked Pei Yuan to provide a step.


    As long as Pei Yuan handles this matter well, then the word "false" on his head can be removed...


    Pei Yuan took office as a new official, and after reporting to the Senate, he rushed to Qinglong Temple excitedly with the two newly assigned secretary and three attendants.


    In the Senate, Pei Yuan didn''t get any good looks from Wei Duan. This is also very normal. After all, Wei Duan''s son was injured and disabled in the student riots. After all, he still couldn''t hide it. Naturally, most people are clear about the relationship. I lament regretfully, but in fact, I am afraid that I know best how I feel.


    So, how could Wei Duan give a good face to Pei Yuan, who was in charge of the "amnesty"?


    But it doesn''t matter, Pei Yuan feels that he has a plan in his chest.


    After all, there was the Han Dynasty, the dynasty that really established the "amnesty" system, or in other words, the amnesty of the Han Dynasty has made many people accustomed to it.


    The amnesty system existed from the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, but after the Han Dynasty, it became a frequent political method. During the Han Dynasty, a total of more than 140 amnesties were granted, with an average of almost three or four years. There is only one amnesty, so Pei Yuan naturally thinks that discussing amnesty is a "simple" job.


    During the development of Chinese civilization, the judiciary naturally occupied an important place. And pardon, as an important part of the ancient judicial system, did not happen overnight, but a process of development.


    As early as the pre-Qin period, there were codes involving the concept and cases of amnesty, especially in the Han Dynasty. They even quoted pre-Qin classics in the amnesty decree as the theoretical source of their amnesty to prove the rationality of their actions.


    Generally speaking, the theoretical basis of the amnesty comes from the "Shangshu", so the so-called "excuse faults without greatness" is also true. At the same time, the Han Dynasty was also a dynasty that emphasized auspiciousness, so as for the interpretation of the hexagram in the "Book of Changes", "a gentleman forgives sins with forgiveness" is also one of the sources of reasons for forgiveness.


    During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, for political needs, all countries had some amnesty activities, but no matter what, the amnesty activities during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods had certain limitations, and they were only political behaviors within their own countries. "Amnesty for the world" only appeared after the unification of China.


    Although the amnesty system in the Han Dynasty did not form a specific legal code, it is actually very large in number and scope. It is a penalty elimination system that is effective all over the country. Except for a few crimes, almost all crimes can be pardoned. , At the same time, if it is specifically indicated in the edict that crimes that should not be pardoned according to the custom can also be pardoned, it means that under such circumstances, all crimes can be pardoned.


    For example, during the reign of Emperor Han Ling, there were 20 amnesties, almost once every two years...


    So, isn''t it easy?


    When Pei Yuan arrived at Qinglong Temple, he set up the Caotai stall, ready to deal with the matter with a few casual thoughts, but what Pei Yuan did not expect was that from the very beginning, Pei Yuan could not control the direction of the discussion.


    Because the amnesty in the Han Dynasty was too casual, so many gentry did not agree with the amnesty very much. Of course, it would be good if the amnesty was placed on their own heads, but if they let their enemies be pardoned, then what? Can you accept it?


    "...It is said that moral education is abolished and punishments are imposed. If punishments are not met, evil spirits will be born, evil spirits will accumulate below, resentment and evil will be on the top, and disharmony between the upper and lower will lead to yin and yang and evil spirits. This disaster also arises due to different reasons... Therefore, I should forgive him..."


    This supports the amnesty, and also uses Dong Zhongshu''s ideas as a support.


    『Poetry has a saying, Shangyi is winged, and the four directions are extremely. The reason why saints rule the heart of heaven and earth, focus on the return of good and evil, distinguish between good and bad, understand the meaning of humanity, so that they do not violate their nature! Of course, punishment should not be punished, so that those who are wronged cannot be redressed, and those who are in pain cannot be redressed, this is the harm of the country! 』


    This is against the amnesty, and also cites Kuang Heng''s argument as an argument.


    『This statement is wrong! Cleaning up the evil, abandoning the filth and reforming the sea is the way to create peace, so how can it not be forgiven? 』


    『The number of pardons and redemptions will prosper the wicked and hurt the good! How can I forgive you? 』


    『At the beginning of human beings, nature is inherently good, and we should allow those who reform and reform themselves...』


    『Forgiveness at the age of one, slaves are evil! What kind of person is there? 』


    『…』


    Buzzing, buzzing, chirping, the supporters and opponents of the amnesty gathered in Qinglong Temple, talking freely, making Pei Yuan''s head suddenly become three big.


    The news was sent back to Hushi Fuya.


    Feiqian shook his head and smiled, and said to Pang Tong: "No one mentioned Danggu, I''m afraid there are still concerns..."


    Pang Tong nodded and said, "It should be so!" 』


    What Feiqian prepared for Pei Yuan was this big meal called "Dang Gu", an event that made the gentry feel painful when it was mentioned...


    The fuse of the first party imprisonment was an amnesty.


    In the ninth year of Yanxi reign of Emperor Huan, Zhang Cheng, a alchemist in Hanoi, learned that the court was going to issue an amnesty order, so he allowed his son to kill his enemy. His son went to kill him, and he didn''t run away after the murder, he took the initiative to wait for the government to come and arrest him, and even declared that he himself would be fine, and the court should have an amnesty.


    It turned out that Li Ying was the one who handled the case at the time. He was very angry and thought that this was a cunning person who could not be amnesty, so even after receiving the amnesty order, he beheaded Zhang Cheng''s son.


    And Zhang Cheng is not the only one who did this.


    The eunuchs Zhao Jin, Hou Lan and others'' henchmen, Zhang Fan, Xu Xuan and others also committed crimes, and deliberately committed crimes before the amnesty in the hope of escaping punishment. Not only Li Ying, but also local officials Cheng Yu, Zhai Chao, Liu Zhi, Huang Fu and others were not afraid of the powerful, and they were still dealt with according to the law after the amnesty.


    The eunuch, Zhang Cheng and others were naturally very dissatisfied, so the **** came up with an idea to ask Zhang Cheng''s disciples to write a letter to Emperor Huan, falsely accusing Li Ying of frequent contacts with Tai students and celebrities, forming cliques, slandering the court, and corrupting customs. Emperor Huan was very angry when he received the letter from Jianxiu, and immediately ordered the arrest of party members across the country.


    Taiwei Chen Fan refused to carry out the edict, and Emperor Huan became even more angry, so he imprisoned Li Ying and others in the North Temple Prison of Huangmen. More than 200 people were involved in this case, including **** Du Mi, Yushi Zhongcheng Chen Xiang, Chen Shi, and Fan Pang. Chen Fan was dismissed from office for the crime of "calling someone who is not his own" because of his letter of extreme admonition.


    This is the first time in history that "the disaster of party imprisonment".


    Of course, Emperor Heng did not fight for the son of Zhang Cheng. The most fundamental reason was that "Xiangquan" rejected "Imperial Quan", which made "Imperial Quan" feel bullied, and thus launched a counterattack. Later, the imperial power even specially issued an amnesty again, and marked "partisans will not be pardoned" to show its authority.


    Xun Yu naturally knew about this, but the current amnesty is beneficial to the rule of the Cao regime, so Xun Yu used the amnesty as a means.


    『After the amnesty, the treachery will not decline, and the crime will continue. If you get an amnesty today and break the law tomorrow, what do you want to be pardoned? Fei Qian said slowly, "Nowadays, etiquette and discipline are all broken, customs and morals are out of order, amnesty for those who do good deeds is tantamount to encouraging bad trends, and it is not suitable for troubled times..."


    『There is nothing worse than a few pardons and redemptions for lowly and good people. Pang Tong also agrees with Fei Qian''s concept, "Greedy and unruly, vicious officials, plundering and killing innocent people, and invading innocent people, if forgiven, will often make wicked people boast and surprise, old robbers will hide and pass through the door, filial son Seeing an enmity but not begging for it, a dead master seeing a thing but not taking it...』


    Feiqian smiled and said, "Let''s talk about it..."


    Regarding the matter of "amnesty", Fei Qian still has deeper considerations. Of course, at this stage, let Pei Yuan toss for a while before talking...


    Fei Qian beckoned, and asked people to hold some utensils, motioning Pang Tong to take a look.


    『This thing...』 Pang Tong moved his nose, obviously smelling some special smell, then he lifted the lid of the bamboo tube to take a look, and blurted out, 『Fire oil? 』


    Fei Qian pointed to one of the bamboo tubes, and said, "This one is fire oil, and the rest are all made of stone lacquer..."


    Shiqi, also known as Shizhi water, is the ancients'' name for oil.


    China was the first country to discover oil and started to use it. Of course, this benefited from China’s good historical recording tradition. Other nations or countries may have used oil, but there is no written record to prove this.


    In the "Book of Changes", it is said that "there is fire in the marsh" and "upper fire and lower marsh", which means that there is fire burning on the water surface, which is a phenomenon that oil vapor spontaneously ignites on the water surface.


    The first place where Feiqian obtained oil was in Shangjun.


    There is a muddy water near Gaonu in Shangjun, and perhaps because the underground oil was brought out by the water flow in the crevices, some oil will float on the water, which can be collected with fluffy linen and so on.


    But for a long time, Feiqian has only used oil for military purposes, and produced fierce fire oil, but in fact there are many uses of oil, and no research has been carried out.


    For example, the simplest one, the ink stick made by collecting the black smoke produced after burning, is more delicate and soft than ordinary ink, and can be used to make the top ink stick. However, the original ink sticks have caused great damage to vegetation, so if oil ink is used instead, the impact on the ecological environment can be reduced to a certain extent.


    At the same time, burning oil for heating is also an important role in the current Little Ice Age. In a cold environment, even dry wood and coal are not easy to be ignited, but with kerosene, it is much more convenient, and oil and coal, the two new combustion heating species, are now desperately trying their best. Using it may only be a drop in the bucket for future generations, but it can avoid the cutting of vegetation in Guanzhong to a certain extent. If it can form a social habit, maybe the big rivers of future generations will not be so yellow?


    Looking at the row of several bamboo tubes in front of him, Fei Qian felt a little bit emotional, "Steam with stone lacquer, and you will get something like this. If there is anything wrong, it will be set on fire, burned and destroyed. I don''t know how many..."


    Engaging in scientific research is really not an easy task.


    Although Feiqian has learned about distillation related technologies in junior high school chemistry class, and even knows that petroleum, gasoline, kerosene, asphalt, etc. are the products of aromatic hydrocarbons with different boiling points produced through distillation, but how to do it, Feiqian can’t remember up. The junior high school chemistry textbook simply draws an equal sign and indicates the word distillation, but in practice, it contains too many things and many unknowns.


    Huang Yueying almost burned the backyard of the hussars...


    "Ok? You can''t...you can''t eat it..." Fei Qian saw that Pang Tong seemed to be subconsciously sending some oil to his mouth, so he hurriedly stopped it. Fei Qian didn''t want to name this oil "Luofeng Oil".


    Fortunately, Pang Tong only wanted to try the clear oil, and was not interested in the thick and pungent black oil.


    Pang Tong put down the bamboo tube in his hand, then pointed to another one and said, "The smell of this oil is not bad...but inside this tube, there is a bit of a stench..."


    Feiqian nodded, and said: "These four kinds of oils are all made of stone paint. Slightly different, also different from using also. 』


    Because of the limitations of conditions and materials, Feiqian could not conduct precise fractionation and refining of oil like later generations, but could only roughly separate and produce four different oils.


    One very important thing is that Fei Qian separated the grease that can be used as lubricating oil. After the clear oil that is easier to burn is separated, the separated oil is more viscous. Although it can also be used for burning, it is not flammable, so it can completely replace the lubrication of the original vegetable and animal oils.


    In the past, all the lubricating oils and oils used for maintenance of weapons in Feiqian used animal fats, mainly cattle and sheep fats, and later added pig fats. It is undoubtedly a luxury to use animal fat as the lubrication of utensils and the maintenance of weapons.


    Now, the lubricating oil extracted from petroleum has replaced animal oil, so the saved animal oil can be eaten by more Han people to improve their physical fitness.


    And this kind of lubricating oil can be widely used in various machinery, including but not limited to workshop hydraulic equipment, various types of vehicle bearings and other mechanical load-bearing gears.


    Of course, ballistas are also included.


    Also on the steering bearing of the four-wheeled vehicle.


    Huaxia did not develop a four-wheeled carriage before. There are many reasons, but the most important point is that it is not very necessary. The two-wheeled carriage is enough, so there is no need to continue to upgrade.


    However, Feiqian is different now. When the Western Regions are opened up, a large number of carrying vehicles must be transported back and forth, and it is undoubtedly not enough to rely solely on camels, horses and other animal power. Stronger four-wheeled vehicles with greater carrying capacity have become An important starting point for solving traffic problems.


    Another oil that is also very important is the clear oil that Pang Tong wanted to taste before.


    Extremely flammable and light in weight.


    Fei Qian thinks that it should be similar to that between kerosene and gasoline in later generations, which is lighter than the original kerosene, which means that it can cooperate with the catapult to produce an effect similar to a petrol bomb...


    This is a very terrible weapon for attacking large-scale targets, especially sieges.


    Pang Tong looked at it, then pinched the sparse beard on his fleshy chin, and said, "My lord, this thing can defeat the Western Regions?" 』


    Feiqian nodded, and said: "Someone has been sent straight to Yumen, and will soon reach the Western Regions." Fanbang built a fortified city in the Western Regions, and there must be a lot of damage if it is attacked by force. This thing is at the right time. 』Moreover, the Western Regions also have oil.


    Pang Tong''s expression moved slightly, he took a breath, and said with a little sigh, "So, the Western Regions are settled..."


    (end of this chapter)