Chapter 1183: The name of the farm is the land of honor
Guanzhong.
After Fei Qian left, the jurisdictions of Zuo Fengyi and You Fufeng, which had originally moved away from Chang''an, moved back again and returned to Chang''an City in order to coordinate and unify them.
Zuo Fengyi''s seal was in Xu Shu''s hand, Jing Zhaoyin''s seal was in Jia Xu''s hand, and as for Right Fufeng''s seal, although Fei Qian didn''t say it explicitly, Jia Xu and Xu Shu naturally stuffed it into Pang Tong''s hand. in hand.
?Of course, the good name is to let Pang Tong take care of it on his behalf.
Then the three giants in Guanzhong were taken shape. Three generations old, middle and young, just right. Therefore, it can be said that these three people are fully represented in Guanzhong affairs.
Although the resettlement of the refugees is complicated, after all, the foundation of Guanzhong is still there, and the fields do not need to be reclaimed. It just needs to reorganize the burned and damaged villages and make overall arrangements. And these things, for the previous Bingbei and Yinshan have such work experience. For the grassroots officials assigned by Fei Qian from retired soldiers, it is actually not too difficult.
It''s just cumbersome, quite cumbersome.
For a group of refugees who can''t even tell the difference between left and right, and who don''t even recognize the most basic basics of one, two, three, and four, to make them obey government orders, understand their meaning, and comply with them, it naturally requires a lot of effort when the manpower is not that sufficient. Correspondingly meticulous work.
Among these tasks, the arrangement and planning of land, the most precious living and production materials, is the most critical government affairs of the three giants in Guanzhong.
This piece of land in Guanzhong can be said to have experienced the most changes, and has also witnessed too many system changes, from the "well field system" to the "named field system", and then experienced a short-lived "wangtian system", and then returned to the "named field system". "Famous land system", and then gradually watched the "named land system" go to destruction.
Because the land system is directly related to the most fundamental issues of the superstructure, including taxation and corvee, and also involves many major subsequent political systems, the current land issue must be treated with caution.
On this day, the three giants of Guanzhong were sitting together...
"...Dead disciples never go out of their hometowns. The fields and fields are in the same well. If they go in and out as friends, watch each other to help each other, and support each other in illness, then the people will live in harmony. There is a well in every square. The well has 900 acres, of which it is public land. Each of the eight families privately owns 100 acres, and they share the same well. Raise the public land; after the public affairs are completed, you dare to deal with private affairs, so don''t be a savage..." Xu Shu stroked his beard and said, "However, the king of Zhou succeeded in the well field and failed in the well field. Because people have selfish desires and the fields have private acres, so The public is replaced by the private, which is either lazy or useless..."
Pang Tong nodded and said: "''Jingtian'' is not available, and ''Wangtian'' is not desirable... The pre-Qin Dynasty was strong with ''named fields'', and the early Han Dynasty was prosperous with ''named fields''. The general who conquered the West used famous fields to grant people to the people, which coincides with God''s will... But most of the people in Guanzhong are like frogs at the bottom of a well. It’s really pity that they want to block the car with their arms..."
Jia Xu narrowed his eyes and said, "This is inevitable. It''s not a serious problem if we go north to ''Mingtian'', but there are many owners of the fields in Guanzhong, so the strategy of ''Mingtian'' will harm its benefits." The same is true for Jue Tian... However, if we ''limit the land'', it will inevitably cause shocks, which is not conducive to governance..."
?Jingtian, Mingtian, and Wangtian are some of the more famous land administrations implemented in Guanzhong.
The "well field system", the earliest mature land system in China, began in the Xia and Shang Dynasties, was perfected in the Zhou Dynasty, and perished in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
?The well field is in the shape of a square, and is cultivated by eight families sharing one well. Each family has one hundred acres of private land, and the middle one hundred acres is public land. The land after this subdivision is shaped like the word "well", so it is called well field. The eight families were required to work on public land first to pay the labor rent called "shu", and then each family could work on their own private land.
The acres of the well-field system were divided into hundreds of steps, which were considered small acres. In ancient times, the population was sparse, so no matter how you divided it, it would be fine. However, in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, the emergence of iron farm tools and oxen plowing led to the extensive development of private fields other than public fields, and the area of ??cultivated land expanded day by day. The aristocratic lords'' fanatical pursuit of private land caused public land to become increasingly desolate, and the country''s annual revenue became unsustainable. Subsequently, various countries had to change the tax system of land rent, and implemented "initial tax per acre", "reduced tax based on land", and "eleven tax". The tax system such as "tax" and the well field system gradually fell into disuse.
With the series of reforms carried out by Shang Yang in the Pre-Qin Dynasty, the ancient well-field system was completely abolished. The hereditary land ownership privileges of the lords and nobles also disappeared, and the "named field system" was replaced by the "named field system".
The most prominent feature of the famous land system is that while land is granted orally based on household registration, different titles and different amounts of land are enfeoffed based on military merit. The land granted becomes privately owned and cannot be taken back by the state, but can be bought and sold.
Lending land on a per-household basis enables the state to exercise strict control over farmers by borrowing land. All residents registered in the household can obtain a certain amount of land, which also enables people to recuperate and recuperate, thus ensuring national stability and sufficient and stable taxation.
At the same time, the most important thing is that the system of land rewards based on military merit broke the original hereditary privileges of the nobility during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, and produced a large number of landowners with military merit. This gave a huge impetus to the social development at that time. As a result, Qin''s national power flourished, and eventually Can unify the six countries.
But the problem is that a system restricted the old classes, but gave birth to new classes. As the old aristocrats died, a new class of big landowners was born. Although there was the Wenjing rule in the early Han Dynasty, it was the envy of later generations. However, with the development of society, a large number of land sales occurred, and the wave of land annexation began to impact the famous land system.
In this frenzy of land annexation, in addition to the land of ordinary farmers being annexed by powerful tyrants, another type of land that was annexed in large quantities was military land. Most of the descendants of military meritorious landowners were arrogant and could not inherit the legacy of their ancestors. They either perished because of violating state laws, or they were mediocre and mediocre. They sold off all the land their ancestors had acquired due to their military exploits.
In addition, the land suitable for farming is relatively limited, and the acres that can be granted to the common people cannot be endless. With the growth of the population, after experiencing the initial period of recuperation, by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was basically unlimited. Tian Ke gave it.
There was no more land left, so he converted it into money. The famous land system was over.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty even had to spontaneously come up with a "restricted marquis system". Although there was no explicit regulation, all the princes had a fixed number. After killing one, he would seal another one. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was also the referee. It’s a player again. In the end, he broke the rules by flipping the table, and no one wanted to play with him anymore...
After Wang Mang usurped the throne, he implemented a series of new policies. In the land system, he implemented the "king land system". Wang Mang and his followers believed that private ownership and free trading of land were the root causes of land annexation. They had a very profound and correct understanding of this. Therefore, the main purpose of the Wangtian system they implemented was to suppress land annexation.
The main content of the royal land system is to return land to the court, prohibit private land sales, and limit the land occupied by households with no more than eight males to one "well" (900 acres). The excess portion was distributed to neighboring clans, and landless farmers could be granted land by the court on the basis of one hundred acres of land per husband and one wife.
? It''s just that the "Wang Tianzhi" strictly prohibited the sale of land. For the huge local powerful forces that had formed at that time, this was undoubtedly like digging up the ancestral graves. Therefore, after Wang Mang came to power to implement the New Deal, it didn''t take long for the world to fall into chaos.
Farms must be privately owned, otherwise what would we call a feudal society?
Although the three giants in Guanzhong don''t know what it means to go too far and make nonsense, the three of them are also very clear about the negative impact of abolishing private land ownership. At the same time, they are also the beneficiaries of the emerging interests of the Feiqian Group, so naturally they don''t want to My whole life''s efforts were all in vain with a "boo" sound, and then the land was taken back by the country, and the descendants returned to paupers... This is human nature and has nothing to do with the times.
So the current land system can only be privately owned and bought and sold, and it must be like this.
Xu Shu sighed and said: "A certain Yuzuo Fengyi implemented the new policy of conquering the west. He used refugees to farm the fields and stored grains. He did not neglect plowing in war, plowing did not neglect defense, and defense did not neglect fighting. It was actually a good law, and it has achieved initial results. ...The implementation of Mingtian, although there are difficulties, is still acceptable. Only Juetian''s policy...sigh...I am really ashamed of myself..."
After Xu Shu finished speaking, he couldn''t help but lower his head, looking ashamed.
The farming system first started with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was divided into military and civilian camps. However, at that time, the farming system was only used to solve the problem of excessive consumption of grain and grass transportation for remote armies. When the soldiers and farmers in the field farmed, they had to pay a certain amount of rent to the court and the army, and the surplus grain left behind belonged to themselves, and the people in the field were not allowed to leave at will, otherwise they would be guilty of their wives.
?This farming system can quickly settle the population and produce grain and grass quickly. It also enables some landless farmers to rely on farming to make a living. It helps to appease the people and stabilize people''s hearts. It is the best policy to resettle the refugees.
?? Xu Shu allocated some of the ownerless land of the nobles who had fled Zuo Fengyi to the refugees for farming, and then registered some of the fields in the form of named fields. These two things went smoothly, but what about Jue Tian...
"Yuanzhi didn''t have to be like this. Bingbei was originally a land of disputes. Moju Outuo, the fields were all abandoned, the land was vast and sparsely populated, the Qiang and Hu people occupied the mountains and swamps and abandoned the flat land. Hundreds of miles were covered with grass, so it was named Tianzhi. There is no obstacle to the implementation, but..." Jia Xu laughed twice and continued, "...but the land in Guanzhong has its own owners, and taking away its mature soil will inevitably lead to secret resentment among the people... Fortunately, Yuan Zhi''s vigilance was temporarily suspended, so we can There is no need for chaos...here and now, there is only stability..."
Xu Shu sighed: "Having said that...sigh..." Fei Qian had repeatedly explained that he could only do half of it, but he had to stop. Although he knew that he had done nothing wrong, Xu Shu still felt a little uncomfortable in his heart. I am unhappy with Zuo Fengyi''s arrogance in these places.
Nowadays, in the Yangyin Mountain area of ????Beiping, the land policy implemented by General Fei Qian of the Western Conquest is actually three systems: farmland, jue land, and famous land. In addition, a set of land systems of sharing the land with the land and using slaves instead of labor are added. .
Bingbei and Yinshan were originally desolate, with a sparse population and a large amount of land. The adoption of the farming system attracted a large number of refugees, including people from Baibo and Heishan. There were many benefits, but farming also had great disadvantages. First of all, Locking up the activity space of the camp people. Although the first generation of camp people who have experienced hardship will be willing to accept exploitation, their descendants with relatively stable lives may not be willing to continue to be camp residents, so they defect or join the right wing. It will be seen frequently under the door...
Without the villagers, the farmland will gradually become deserted. Once abandoned, the farmland will lose its original meaning, and then it will gradually be annexed by the powerful people, and return to the old path.
In Beiyin Mountain, there are many acres of fields. Whether it is farmland, famous field, or even jue field, there is no problem, because originally these fields are ownerless land, and what to do is Fei Qian''s matter. Other places The wealthy landowner Hao You will definitely say a few words to Fei Qian, the prodigal son, and let the matter rest...
What else can be done?
? General Fei Qian of the Western Conquest is a prodigal, that is because he has the capital to be a prodigal!
But it is different in places like Guanzhong and Hanzhong. Most of these lands are already mature fields and are owned by owners. They were not even owned by one generation, but were privately owned more than ten generations ago. Now When Xu Shu implemented the famous land system in Zuo Fengyi, he had no objections. After all, there were Han laws to abide by...
But if you want Juetian, you can''t bear this anymore. You didn''t rebel immediately. Most of them just saw that Feiqian''s troops were strong and didn''t dare to move. If these people were given a gap and some foreign fire, they would definitely be like gunpowder. It''s the same as the library, it explodes in one click!
Nowadays, troops are needed everywhere and defenses are needed everywhere. No matter it is Guanzhong or Yinshan, whether it is Pingyang or Chang''an, there is no room for chaos. Therefore, considering the overall situation, Xu Shu had to postpone the promotion of the New Deal. However, on this point It also made him feel guilty, feeling that he had not done what General Fei Qian had entrusted him to do.
"...The methods have the same name, but their reality is different, and the things have the same name, but their effects are different..." Pang Tong rolled his eyes, showed a little smile, and said, "This autumn is coming, and we finally need countermeasures... Well, now that we have Hanzhong grain and grass, Guan The strategy is stable... Why not imitate Guangwu and implement Zheng Gong''s strategy? "
"Guangwu? Duke Zheng?" Xu Shu frowned and said thoughtfully.
"Zheng Burke Duan? Shan, you might as well give it a try..." Jia Xu glanced at Pang Tong and understood immediately. He immediately felt that this dark young man was still very good and had a bright future. …”
Xu Shu thought for a while, looked at Pang Tong, then looked at Jia Xu, then suddenly smiled and said: "Good! Let''s use this strategy! I will have people post Han laws tomorrow, and I will endure this year, and wait for what I will do. Such a silverfish!”
??Aren''t you clamoring to conquer the West and violate the laws of your ancestors, seizing people''s fields and seizing people''s wealth?
??Aren’t you complaining about the harsh political regulations of the Western Conquest and the disregard of the country for selfish desires?
??Now raise the banner of Guangwu and see what other tongues you can chew on?
And we really need stability and harmony in the past two years. After this dangerous period, we have to free up our hands. Of course, we need to clean up what needs to be cleaned up and settle accounts that need to be settled. Anyway, the previous slogans have been shouted, and the strong wind has blown, thunder. The sound was also loud, it wasn''t that it didn''t rain, it was just that the time was not right.
Farm land, jue land, famous land, as well as exemption from labor and the use of slaves instead of labor, these were originally the land policies that Fei Qian had already determined in Bingbei, and they were also things recognized by Fei Qian''s interest group, including Xu Shu. Naturally, we need to spare no effort to promote it.
?In the eyes of Jia Xu, Xu Shu, Pang Tong and others, Fei Qian’s Tianzheng has indeed solved many problems, at least at this stage they cannot find any big loopholes.
Farming can reduce the consumption of grain and grass transportation, stabilize the local population, and promote Chinese culture; famous fields can allow people to own land, become the main source of taxes, and enhance people''s cohesion; juedian can regulate land annexation to a certain extent It also stimulates people''s desire to gain fame...
As for the shortcomings of the previous land naming system, which ended up with no land to be named, after seeing Fei Qian''s world map, everyone suddenly realized that there are so many fields in the world, so what are you worried about?
Even if only twenty-three percent of other places can be used for farming, it is still many times larger than the land of China today!
After deciding on the strategy and solving this problem, the three of them naturally felt a lot more relaxed. However, this good mood was quickly broken by the urgent military information delivered by the fast horse...
“Xiliang and Han horses are in chaos again! General Zhengxi is trapped in Xia Bian!”
The faces of the three people suddenly became serious...
(End of this chapter)